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Laboratory Reference Values

Basic Metabolic / Electrolytes

Test	Reference Range
Sodium (Na⁺)	136–145 mEq/L
Potassium (K⁺)	3.5–5.0 mEq/L
Chloride (Cl⁻)	98–106 mEq/L
Bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻)	22–28 mEq/L
Calcium (Ca²⁺)	8.5–10.2 mg/dL
Phosphate	2.5–4.5 mg/dL
Magnesium	1.5–2.0 mEq/L

Renal Function

Test	Reference Range
BUN	7–20 mg/dL
Creatinine	0.6–1.2 mg/dL
BUN/Creatinine ratio	10–20
Uric acid	3.0–7.0 mg/dL
GFR (estimated)	>60 mL/min/1.73 m²

Glucose / Metabolic

Test	Reference Range
Glucose (fasting)	70–100 mg/dL
HbA1c	<5.7% (normal); ≥6.5% (diabetes)
Osmolality	275–295 mOsm/kg

Liver Function

Test	Reference Range
Total bilirubin	0.1–1.0 mg/dL
Direct bilirubin	0.0–0.3 mg/dL
AST (SGOT)	10–40 U/L
ALT (SGPT)	7–40 U/L
ALP	44–147 U/L
GGT	8–61 U/L
Albumin	3.5–5.0 g/dL
Total protein	6.0–8.0 g/dL

Cardiac Markers

Test	Reference Range
Troponin I	<0.04 ng/mL
CK-MB	<3% of total CK
BNP	<100 pg/mL
NT-proBNP	<125 pg/mL (<75 y); <450 pg/mL (≥75 y)

Lipids

Test	Reference Range
Total cholesterol	<200 mg/dL (desirable)
LDL	<100 mg/dL (optimal)
HDL	≥60 mg/dL (protective); <40 mg/dL (low)
Triglycerides	<150 mg/dL

Thyroid

Test	Reference Range
TSH	0.4–4.0 mIU/L
Free T4	0.8–1.8 ng/dL
Free T3	2.3–4.2 pg/mL

Coagulation

Test	Reference Range
PT	11–13.5 sec
INR	0.8–1.1 (therapeutic 2–3)
aPTT	25–35 sec
Fibrinogen	200–400 mg/dL
D-dimer	<0.5 mg/L
Bleeding time	2–9 min

Iron Studies

Test	Reference Range
Serum iron	60–170 mcg/dL
TIBC	240–370 mcg/dL
Transferrin saturation	20–50%
Ferritin (M)	12–300 ng/mL
Ferritin (F)	12–150 ng/mL

Other

Test	Reference Range
CRP	<1.0 mg/dL (high-sensitivity <3 mg/L)
ESR (M)	0–15 mm/hr
ESR (F)	0–20 mm/hr
LDH	100–190 U/L
Amylase	25–125 U/L
Lipase	0–160 U/L
PSA (total)	<4.0 ng/mL
β-hCG (non-pregnant)	<5 mIU/mL
Cortisol (8 AM)	6–23 mcg/dL
Prolactin (M)	2–18 ng/mL
Prolactin (F)	2–29 ng/mL
Testosterone (M)	300–1000 ng/dL
Testosterone (F)	15–70 ng/dL

Cerebrospinal Fluid

Test	Reference Range
Opening pressure	70–180 mm H₂O
Appearance	Clear, colorless
WBC	0–5 cells/mm³ (lymphocytes)
RBC	0 (none)
Protein	15–45 mg/dL
Glucose	50–75 mg/dL (or >60% serum glucose)
Glucose (CSF:serum ratio)	≥0.6
Lactate	<2.2 mmol/L
IgG index	<0.7

CSF Interpretation Patterns

Condition	WBC	Protein	Glucose
Bacterial meningitis	↑↑ PMNs	↑↑	↓↓
Viral meningitis	↑ lymphocytes	Normal/↑	Normal
TB/fungal meningitis	↑ lymphocytes	↑↑	↓
Guillain-Barré	Normal	↑↑	Normal
MS	Normal/↑ lymph	Normal/↑	Normal
Subarachnoid hemorrhage	RBCs / xanthochromia	↑	Normal

Complete Blood Count

Test	Male	Female
Hemoglobin	13.5–17.5 g/dL	12.0–15.5 g/dL
Hematocrit	41–53%	36–46%
RBC count	4.5–5.9 ×10⁶/mm³	4.1–5.1 ×10⁶/mm³
MCV	80–100 fL
MCH	27–33 pg
MCHC	32–36 g/dL
RDW	11.5–14.5%
WBC count	4,500–11,000/mm³
Platelets	150,000–400,000/mm³
Reticulocytes	0.5–1.5%

WBC Differential

Cell Type	% of WBC	Absolute
Neutrophils (total)	54–62%	1,800–7,700/mm³
— Segmented	50–62%	—
— Bands	3–5%	—
Lymphocytes	25–33%	1,000–4,800/mm³
Monocytes	3–7%	200–800/mm³
Eosinophils	1–4%	50–400/mm³
Basophils	0–0.75%	0–100/mm³

Coagulation

Test	Reference Range
PT	11–13.5 sec
INR	0.8–1.1
aPTT	25–35 sec
Thrombin time	14–19 sec
Fibrinogen	200–400 mg/dL
D-dimer	<0.5 mg/L FEU

Erythrocyte Indices & Special Tests

Test	Reference Range
ESR (Westergren, M)	0–15 mm/hr
ESR (Westergren, F)	0–20 mm/hr
Direct Coombs	Negative
Indirect Coombs	Negative
Haptoglobin	41–165 mg/dL
Serum B12	200–900 pg/mL
Folate (RBC)	140–628 ng/mL
G6PD	5–14 U/g Hgb

Urinalysis

Test	Reference Range
pH	4.5–8.0
Specific gravity	1.001–1.030
Protein	<150 mg/day (dipstick: negative)
Glucose	Negative (threshold ~180 mg/dL serum)
Ketones	Negative
Blood / RBCs	Negative (≤2 RBC/hpf)
WBCs	≤5 WBC/hpf
Nitrites	Negative
Leukocyte esterase	Negative
Bilirubin	Negative
Urobilinogen	0.1–1.0 EU/dL
Osmolality	50–1200 mOsm/kg
Creatinine clearance (M)	97–137 mL/min
Creatinine clearance (F)	88–128 mL/min
Microalbumin (spot)	<30 mg/g creatinine
24-hr protein	<150 mg/day
24-hr creatinine (M)	15–25 mg/kg/day
24-hr creatinine (F)	10–20 mg/kg/day

Body Mass Index (BMI)

BMI (kg/m²)	Category
<18.5	Underweight
18.5–24.9	Normal weight
25.0–29.9	Overweight
30.0–34.9	Obese — Class I
35.0–39.9	Obese — Class II
≥40.0	Obese — Class III (morbid)

BMI = weight(kg) / height(m)²

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